Top Ten Spelling Rules

1. the "i before e except after c" rule
believe - receive
As a basic rule this is great
but what about ancient, leisure, neighbour/neighbor

We have a longer version of the rule:
" i before e except after a long c but not when c is a "sh" sound and not when sounded like 'a' as in neighbour or weigh."
( i before e rule) believe, achieve, (except after c),receive, ceiling (but not when c is sounded like sh) ancient, proficient
not when sounded like 'a' ) eight, beige
But there are exceptions always exceptions so watch out for them.

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2. Changing "y" to "ies"
You might not know the spelling rule but you might know the spelling pattern - most people do.

When the word ends in a vowel + y just add ‘s’
key → keys
delay → delays
trolley → trolleys
(because we can't have three vowels in a row delaies x )

If the word has a consonant before the ‘y’:
take off the ‘y’ and add ‘ies’
baby → babies
company → companies
difficulty → difficulties

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3. Adding -es to words ending in -s, -ss, -z -ch -sh -x
This was added centuries ago to stop the plural 's' clashing with these letters and it softens the 's' sound to a 'z' sound
bus→ buses
business → businesses
watch → watches
box → boxes
quiz → quizzes

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4. 1:1:1 doubling up rule
put - putting, big-bigger, quiz - quizzes, swim - swimming...

When a word has one syllable + 1 vowel next to 1 consonant we double up the final consonant with a vowel suffix:
sit - sitter, big - biggest, tap - tapping, shop - shopper/shopping, fat - fatten, fattening, fatter, fattest...

This happens in longer words when the stress is on the final syllable:
begin (beGIN) - beginner, beginning
refer (reFER) - referring, referred
occur (ocCUR) - occurring, occurred, occurrence

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5. Drop the ‘e’ rule
We usually drop the final silent "e" when we add vowel suffix endings, for example:

write + ing → writing
hope + ed = hoped
excite + able = excitable
joke - joker
large - largish
close - closing
sense + ible = sensible
opposite + ion = opposition
imagine + ation = imagination

We keep the 'e' if the word ends in –CE or –GE to keep a soft sound, with able/ous
courage + ous = courageous
outrage + ous = outrageous
notice + able = noticeable
manage + able = manageable

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6. Changing the "y" to "i" when adding suffix endings.

If a word ends in a consonant + Y, the Y changes to i (unless adding endings with "i" -ing -ish, which already begins with an i)

beauty+ful > beauti+ful =beautiful, beautify, beautician
happy + ness = - happiness, happily, happier, happiest
angry + er = angrier, angriest, angrily,
pretty: prettier, prettiest but prettyish
ready: readily readiness
dry: dried, BUT drying, dryish
defy: defies, defied, but defying
apply: applies, applied but applying

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7. "-f" to "-ves" or "-s"

Most words ending in "-f" or "-fe" change their plurals to "-ves"
calf - calves
half - halves
knife - knives
leaf - leaves
loaf - loaves
life - lives
wife - wives
shelf - shelves
thief - thieves
yourself - yourselves

Some words can have both endings -ves or -s:
scarf - scarfs/scarves
dwarf - dwarfs/dwarves
wharf - wharfs/wharves
handkerchief - handkerchiefs/handkerchieves

Words ending in -ff you just add -s to make the plural.
cliff - cliffs
toff - toffs
scuff - scuffs
sniff - sniffs

Some words ending in -f add -s:
Nouns which end in two vowels plus -f usually form plurals in the normal way, with just an -s
chief - chiefs
spoof - spoofs
roof - roofs
chief - chiefs
oaf - oafs
EXCEPTIONS: thief - thieves, leaf - leaves

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8. Words ending in -ful
The suffix –FUL is always spelt with one L, for example:

grate + ful = grateful
faith + ful = faithful
hope + ful = hopeful
careful
helpful
useful
grateful
beautiful (notice the"y" becomes "i")

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9. Adding -ly

When we add -ly to words ending in -ful then we have double letters
gratefully
faithfully
hopefully

We also add -ly to words ending in 'e'
love + ly = lovely
like + ly = likely
live + ly = lively
complete + ly = completely
definite + ly = definitely

BUT not truly (true + ly) This is a common misspelled word.

We change the end 'e' to 'y' in these -le words
gentle > gently
idle > idly
subtle > subtly

10. When we add "all" to the beginning of words we drop the l
all + so = also
all + most = almost
although
always
almighty
already
alright (all right as two words is used in more formal English)
altogether (Note that altogether and all together do not mean the same thing. Altogether means ‘in total’, as in there are six bedrooms altogether, whereas all together means ‘all in one place’ or ‘all at once’, as in it was good to have a group of friends all together; they came in all together.)

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